The Oregon Coast, with its rugged cliffs and abundant marine life, holds a special place in the hearts of locals and visitors. Yet, it’s been missing a critical piece of its ecological puzzle for decades: the sea otter. Elakha Alliance, a dedicated advocacy group, wants to complete that puzzle.
Since 2018, the nonprofit has aspired to restore the sea otter population to the Oregon Coast through advocacy, scientific research and educational awareness.
The Origins of Elakha Alliance
The alliance’s history goes back about 20 years, when David Hatch questioned the return of sea otters. At the time, David was the Oregon Coast Indian Tribes’ representative on the Oregon Ocean Policy Advisory Council.
One of the council’s staff members was Bob Bailey, an employee at the Department of Land Conservation and Development. During their time on the council, David and Bob became acquainted through their mutual passion for coastal conservation. During one of their conversations, David mentioned sea otters.
“He had built a small boat,” Bob says. “And in the process of building that small boat, was looking for a name for it. He ran across the word elakha, which in the Chinook trade jargon means sea otter. He ended up naming his little boat ‘The Elakha.’ But it also set him on a path toward understanding and coming to realize sea otters had once been part of the lives of Indigenous people all along the Oregon Coast and beyond.”
David began sharing information about sea otters and seeking ways to create change. Through tribal and non-Indigenous connections, he gathered resources to support his project.
“Dave was out spreading the gospel, as it were, about returning sea otters,” Bob says.
Many years later, in 2016, Bob recalled this encounter. He reached out to David to see what had become of the sea otters.
“I didn’t hear back from him and came to find out some weeks later that he had died quite tragically and suddenly that particular week,” Bob says. “[It] was devastating, of course, to his friends and family and all of us.”
Not wanting David’s life’s work to die with him, Bob took up David’s mission and formed Elakha Alliance.
The organization was incorporated in 2018. Since then, it has supported many steppingstones in the long and arduous path of species reintroduction.
Sea Otters and Indigenous Communities
Today, a notable 800-mile divide separates the sea otter populations of Northern Washington and Southern California—a gap that emerged more than a century ago. The near extinction of sea otters resulted from intensive hunting by fur traders in the 18th and 19th centuries.
While this important ecological marine mammal was lost to overhunting, the lives and culture of Indigenous people along the coast were also deeply affected.
Sea otters held a profound spiritual and cultural significance in the lives of these communities, as evidenced by archaeological findings and passed-down wisdom. Elakha Alliance, a collaboration among tribal, nonprofit and conservation leaders, strives to rekindle this cultural connection in partnership with Native coastal communities in Oregon. Its board of directors includes representation from these Native communities, including Robert Kentta, a member of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians.
“Sea otters represent prosperity to us in our traditional stories,” Robert says. “That’s an important cultural connection we’re missing without sea otters being present here on the coast.”
For more than 5,000 years, sea otters lived in harmony with humans along the Oregon Coast. Their extinction from the region holds a symbolic significance to Indigenous people.
“The history of the loss of sea otters coincided with the loss by Indigenous people of their homelands and way of life along the Oregon Coast,” Bob says.
In the 19th century, Indigenous communities were affected by numerous catastrophes. War, disease, loss of their lands and lives, and relentless persecution and stigmas plagued Native communities.
The restoration of sea otters to the coast is indicative of healing the relationships between Indigenous communities and the land, Bob says. While the tragedies of history cannot be reversed, Elakha Alliance hopes to bring balance back to the community and restore an integral piece of Native culture to the land.
“It would be cultural restoration in that ability to see our oceanscape as it once was, not all that long ago,” Robert says.
A Keystone Species
As a keystone species, sea otters would play a vital role in maintaining the health of coastal ecosystems if reintroduced. Their presence would affect coastal regions—directly and indirectly—in many ways. A growing sea otter population would indirectly increase kelp forests, eelgrass beds and the species that rely on these habitats. Their feeding behaviors would likely lead to a decrease in a variety of prey species, such as Dungeness crab.
Elakha Alliance has taken positive and negative effects into account by conducting a variety of studies. A feasibility study, completed in 2020, found that restoring sea otters is biologically feasible.
“We had six world-renowned scientists work on the 200-plus page document,” says Jane Bacchieri, executive director of Elakha Alliance.
The study looked at the elements necessary for a sea otter population to be restored in Oregon. It included an in-depth analysis of ecology, habitat, genetics and other biological factors.
It also led to more studies on the socioeconomic impacts on fishing industries and tourism. These additional studies—the Oregon Sea Otter Reintroduction Economic Study and the South Coast Tourism Impact Study—investigated some of the broader changes sea otters would make in coastal communities. Those changes could include a spike in tourism and a decrease in shellfish and crab that could be offset by an increase in finfish production.
“The coast belongs to everybody,” Jane says. “Our efforts are statewide; in some cases, beyond state boundaries.”
Using these studies, Elakha Alliance works with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which has the regulatory authority to bring back sea otters.
Blueprints for Restoration
Reintroducing sea otters to the Oregon Coast is a long and complicated process. However, with advocacy and support from Elakha Alliance, it is becoming more feasible each day.
The Elakha Alliance strategic plan comprises four main steps. Its first initiative included the feasibility study and the following impact studies. At the same time, the alliance’s second step is working to build regional consensus that restoring sea otters is a goal worth pursuing.
The third step of the initiative is reintroducing sea otters along the Oregon Coast and monitoring their progress diligently. Initial work may begin in 2025, although it’s too early to gauge when sea otters will be fully reintroduced. Ongoing monitoring is expected to last for decades.
The last step is to strengthen the organization itself. Key strategies involve public involvement—especially from affected groups—and forming partnerships with organizations sharing the alliance’s vision. The group’s work will be far from over once its key mission is achieved.
“I think there’s going to be a role for Elakha to continue to serve as an advocate for the animals,” Jane says. “At the end of the day, if we’re successful, we might not need to exist as the Elakha Alliance anymore. It might be broader ocean stewardship or something like that. I think we will be flexible and nimble to be value-added wherever we can be.”
Learn more about Elakha Alliance at elakhaalliance.org.
Reintroducing Keystone Species in the Pacific Northwest
Keystone species play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance. The Pacific Northwest has seen many successful reintroductions as well as more challenging cases.
In the mid-1990s, gray wolves were successfully reintroduced in Yellowstone National Park. Through careful planning and research, their presence led to a cascade of positive effects and increased biodiversity in the ecosystems. Elk and deer populations rebalanced, allowing willows and aspen to flourish.
In a less successful attempt, translocating sea otters from Alaska to the Oregon Coast in the 1970s became a lesson in the importance of monitoring populations after reintroduction. Not long after the sea otters were brought to Oregon, their population slowly dwindled until the coast was once again left without them.
Careful planning, consideration of ecological dynamics and consistent monitoring are some of the most crucial factors in a successful reintroduction.