When it comes to Western monarch butterflies, the statistics are alarming. Since the 1990s, their population has declined by 99%. But there’s good news for these vibrant butterflies that migrate from the Pacific Northwest to Southern California.
“Our census in 2023 showed a decline in the Western monarch population, but the decrease is not quite as severe as it was five years ago,” says Emma Pelton, senior conservation biologist with the Xerces Society, whose mission is to protect invertebrates and their habitats. “Our organization has been conducting annual monarch counts for the past 25 years, typically around Thanksgiving, and we have seen a steady decline.”
She attributes the reduction of the number of Western monarchs to loss of habitat from development, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, and severe extremes in temperatures. Migrating north each spring from Southern California to their summer breeding grounds west of the Rocky Mountains, the butterflies seek shelter and adequate food for their larvae, which will become the next generation of adult monarchs.
“Places to feed, lay their eggs and protect themselves from predators are vanishing as native and natural habitats disappear,” Emma says. “It’s up to all of us to be aware of the monarchs’ dwindling population and to each do our part to help them survive and thrive.”
Monarchs rely on milkweed, laying their eggs on the underside of the leaves. Those eggs hatch into small, gray larvae, becoming the plump yellow, black and white caterpillars that feed on milkweed.
“Milkweed is the sole host plant for monarchs,” Emma says. “Once the eggs hatch into caterpillars, they can literally strip the plant of all its foliage, sometimes in less than a day. However, if the butterflies can’t find milkweed, they don’t have a place to lay their eggs. The caterpillars won’t hatch and morph into more adult monarchs.”
Butterflies join wasps, bees and birds as pollinators.
“If it weren’t for pollinators, humans would have a lot less variety in their diet because one of every three bites of goods we consume is the result of pollinators,” says Lora Morandin, associate director of Pollinator Partnership, based in San Francisco. “Monarchs are great ambassadors because they are colorful, showy and attract our attention. They’re also a gateway to learning about insects and other creatures that pollinate.”
Working globally, Pollinator Partnership manages North America’s annual Pollinator Week, slated for June 17-23, to raise awareness for all pollinators. A robust tool kit in multiple languages has been developed for Pollinator Week to be used by individuals, organizations and classrooms. The information can be found at pollinator.org.
“We can all help pollinators in some way,” Lora says. “The website offers extensive information that ranges from bee-friendly farming and gardening guidelines to responsible use of pesticides. We encourage the public to explore our website and adopt practices that will help pollinators, people and our planet.”
Pollinators in the Classroom
Across the country, students participate in school gardening activities, growing fruits and vegetables, and studying the importance of pollinators.
In Brookings, Oregon, an original school garden from the early 2000s at Kalmiopsis Elementary School sees new life as a teaching tool. With a group of dedicated teachers, students and volunteers, students learn about where their food comes from and the vital roles of insects and other pollinators in feeding humans.
“Teaching youngsters about cultivating plants from an early age can help instill a love of gardening that will last them their whole lives,” says Julia Bott, who provides staff support for school programs through the Master Gardeners of Oregon State Extension.
Julia worked with volunteers and teachers to revive the pollinator gardens at the school.
“In 2021, we began the garden program with two second grade classes, and the project has grown to six gardens maintained by three second grade and three fourth grade classes,” Julia says. “Each of the classes has time devoted to insects, and the gardens are filled with red ladybugs, praying mantis, earwigs and green lacewings, which feed on harmful bugs, such as aphids. Butterflies flit in and out and feed on the nectar of native plants.”
This year, Oregon State University graduate student Ashley Hall has joined the team as an intern for her environmental sciences thesis, focused on monarchs, including developing curriculum.
“Last September, Ashley was able to secure caterpillars for the students to raise and release after they morphed into butterflies,” Julia says. “Ashley also received a Bright Ideas grant from Coos-Curry Electric Cooperative that was used to purchase educational supplies, butterfly enclosures, bug boxes and magnifying glasses.”
Community support also comes from Brookings Oregon Monarch Advocates, with master gardener volunteers as leaders.
“The pollinator garden has become a focal point of our school and an educational complement to growing fruits, vegetables and flowers here,” Julia says. “At first, when some of the students saw a bug, they’d scream and take off running. Now, they’re learning about the benefits of insects and appreciate them more.”
Across North America, the profile of monarch butterflies and other pollinators is rising through environmental organizations, conservation groups and initiatives such as National Pollinator Week each June and the November Western Monarch Count.
“Helping preserve our pollinator habitats and protect these vital insects can be everyone’s mission,” Lora says. “Whether you volunteer for a community project, plant more natives in your landscape or put several perennials in a container on your deck or porch, you’re doing your part. Every little bit helps.”
Protecting Pollinators Sends a Message
Think about the possibilities. Electric utilities manage miles of transmission lines across the areas they serve. What if the land within those rights-of-way could create better food sources, shelter and protection for pollinators?
That’s exactly what the Bonneville Power Administration has done in Portland, Oregon’s Forest Park—one of the largest urban parks in the country—through a multiyear collaboration with Portland Parks and Recreation and Metro, a regional planning agency. By improving the land beneath power line rights-of-way in the 5,200-acre park, about 67 acres of habitat now provide better nesting sites, shelter and food sources for pollinators.
Begun in 2016, the Forest Park project has increased pollinators along the rights-of-way while reducing the company’s maintenance costs. The initiative speaks to sustainability, environmental stewardship and community involvement.
“Pollinators are crucial to the environment and to the very food we eat,” says Nancy Wittpenn, BPA environmental protection specialist and a leader in BPA’s Pollinator Workgroup. “However, many people are not aware of the benefits butterflies, beetles, bees and other pollinators provide, so we wanted to involve our employees in education and activities to learn more.”
In 2018, the agency created its first Pollinator Workgroup.
“The Pollinator Workgroup formalized what some BPA staff had already been working on,” Nancy says. “Today, our Pollinator Workgroup has 20 or so members who plan events and activities for employees during National Pollinator Week, create educational opportunities and design hands-on projects to protect and support pollinators.”
Activities have included installing temporary mason bee houses at BPA facilities, promoting the weeklong National Pollinator Week each June and sponsoring speakers to educate BPA staff about the importance and benefits of pollinators.
Projects have included a monarch butterfly mapping program, native plant selection and advice for landscape design at BPA facilities, creating pollinator-friendly management best practices used by several groups within BPA, and partnerships to replicate the Forest Park model in other BPA rights-of-way.
In 2023, BPA received national recognition for its work in Forest Park through the Pollinator Electric Power Award from the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign. Nancy received the 2021 Power Delivery and Utilization Technology Transfer Award for her contributions to a documentary about pollinators. The Electric Power Research Institute produced the documentary as part of its Power-in-Pollinators initiative.
What has driven BPA’s commitment to pollinators?
“Our agency is in a very unique position to support pollinators while continuing to be effective environmental stewards,” Nancy says. “BPA’s leadership and employees have made a commitment to pollinator survival, and this commitment has become an important part of our sustainability culture.
“We’re working within the organization, but many of our individual employees and their families are supporting pollinators in their own home landscapes and communities. It’s not only a win-win for BPA and the environment, but for the communities we serve, our customers and stakeholders, our employees and their families.”
How You Can Help: Plant a Pollinator Garden
From butterflies and bees to insects and birds, pollinators help feed the world. But they need human support to do their jobs.
“The best way to help pollinators is to plant a pollinator garden,” says Stephanie Hazen, a retired veterinarian and master gardener in Salem, Oregon. “That way, you’re helping provide pollinators a source of food, a place to nest and shelter from other predators.”
Stephanie says she started a new mission when she retired: focus on pollinators and native gardening, growing trees, shrubs, perennials and nonhybrid plants adapted to specific climates, soil conditions and environments.
“When you choose plants that are native to your area, you’ll be supporting the groups of insects, birds, bees and butterflies common where you live,” she says. “These creatures have four-season relationships with plants, and what better way to feed this symbiotic relationship than to include plants that naturally grow where you live? The pollinators will be attracted to them all year long.”
Stephanie recommends a mixture of plants that provide four-season interest to help pollinators.
“Pollinators need more than just blossoms in the spring, summer and fall to thrive,” she says. “Perennials, such as evening primrose, goldenrod and yarrow, are excellent choices. Once they bloom, the spent foliage and the hollow flower stems can become shelter for insects.”
Stephanie also suggests planting milkweed for Western monarchs.
“These beautiful butterflies rely on milkweed as their only host plant,” she says. “They lay their eggs on milkweed, and when the larvae hatch, they will feed on the leaves as they grow into caterpillars.”
A perennial garden should provide shelter and a shallow water source as well.
Sources for native plants include local nurseries, local plant sales and various states’ Native Plant Societies. Some states’ Soil and Water Conservation Districts hold native plant sales as well. Each state’s Cooperative Extension Service, managed through land-grant universities, offers detailed pamphlets, plant lists and how-to publications that are free to read online or download.
“Anyone can add pollinator attractors to their landscapes, even if you live in an apartment or a condominium,” Stephanie says. “All it takes is a planter with a few flowering plants, and you’re all set.”